NBME Form 25 Practice Test

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• What happens to brain oxygen use during REM sleep?
• What histopathological finding is associated with leishmaniasis?
• Which symptom is NOT typically associated with mitochondrial myopathy?
• What renal complication is associated with Lithium Carbonate use?
• What is a defining histological feature of mitochondrial myopathy?
• Which structure acts as a pathfinding guide during Wallerian degeneration for regenerating damaged axons?
• In graft versus host disease, what do donor T lymphocytes target?
• What type of biomolecule are proteoglycans primarily composed of?
• Which staining technique is characteristic of Hairy Cell Leukemia?
• What effect does ADH have on urine output and osmolarity?
• Migitol is classified as what type of inhibitor?
• In cases of recurrent pregnancy loss, what is a notable laboratory finding in Anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome?
• What medication increases the concentration of reactive oxygen species leading to myocyte membrane damage?
• What are satellite cells found in skeletal muscle primarily responsible for?
• Which bacteria are known to have a hyaluronic acid capsule?
• Which clinical features are often seen in patients with asthma and peripheral neuropathy in the context of Churg-Strauss syndrome?
• Which treatment is used to eliminate circulating parasites for Plasmodium ovale and vivax?
• What does a prolonged aPTT indicate in the context of Anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome?
• During which sleep phase do you experience the highest frequency and lowest amplitude brain waves?
• What is one of the symptoms of Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome?
• A mutation that inactivates the vitamin D receptor can lead to which condition?
• What is a consequence of mitral stenosis that may arise from rheumatic fever?
• During thoracentesis, where should the needle be inserted to avoid lung damage?
• Which cell type is characterized by giant granules in granulocytes and platelets?
• What is the classic triad of Henoch-Schönlein purpura?
• Which medication is a common treatment for Polyarteritis nodosa?
• What type of waves in the jugular venous pulse can indicate atrial contraction against a closed tricuspid valve?
• Methemoglobinemia results from oxidant damage to which part of hemoglobin?
• During a surgical procedure, what retroperitoneal structures would NOT be visible?
• A slow rising pulse is characteristic of which condition?
• What elements increase during Paget's disease of bone, reflect lab activity?
• Which condition is characterized by leg tremors and excessive yawning during withdrawal?
• What defines Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome?
• Muscle denervation and reinnervation exhibit a pattern known as what?
• What is a common resistance mechanism in gram-positive bacteria against beta-lactams?
• What is a common treatment approach for graft versus host disease?
• What is the mechanism of action of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors?
• What is a classic imaging finding in renal vasculitis like Polyarteritis nodosa?
• What phenomenon occurs approximately every 90 minutes during sleep?
• What is one of the common neurological symptoms of mitochondrial myopathy?
• What is a potential cause of polyhydramnios?
• Which of the following infections is most commonly associated with cryoglobulinemia?
• What typically occurs within months following transplantation and presents with allograft dysfunction?
• What is a common symptom of Reye's Syndrome?
• What type of lesions are classically associated with cat scratch disease?
• Which triad is characteristic of Wegener's granulomatosis?
• What can prolonged use of nasal decongestants lead to?
• What is the effect of glucagon on FBPase-2 and PFK2?
• Which hormones are primarily activated during hypoglycemia?
• What describes the movement of fluid in capillaries due to high hydrostatic pressure?
• What type of brain waves are associated with light sleep?
• What are the later stages of radiation pneumonitis characterized by?
• What is the primary condition associated with thickness and hyalinization of vessel walls leading to narrowing of the lumen and ischemia?
• Which protein aids in the storage of intracellular calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
• In the context of lymph drainage, what does the term "below pectinate line" refer to?
• How does glucagon affect the activity of PKA?
• What role does mannose-binding lectin play in the immune system?
• Which condition is associated with profound oligohydramnios?
• Type I error is defined as:
• What is a notable effect of increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels?
• Which mediator is involved in local muscle blood flow regulation during exercise?
• What is a key effect of hypoxia on cells that can lead to apoptosis?
• How does a mutation in the LDL receptor affect cholesterol transport?
• Which of the following are classified as first generation sulfonylureas?
• What condition may result from an IgA deficiency during blood transfusion?
• Which pathway does acute hepatic inflammation in viral hepatitis A and yellow fever utilize for apoptosis?
• What is the primary treatment for Henoch-Schönlein purpura?
• What is the common outcome of pleiotropy in genetics?
• Where is the left atrium located in relation to the esophagus?
• Which nerve is primarily responsible for innervating the tibialis anterior muscle?
• Which nerve is particularly vulnerable to compression as it courses around the bony pelvis?
• What is a common presentation of mixed cryoglobulinemia?
• At what age do typically developing infants typically start making eye contact as a sign of secure attachment?
• What complication can arise from improper insertion of an internal jugular vein catheter?
• What condition results from a defect in N-acetylglucosaminyl-1-phosphotransferase?
• What happens to cAMP levels when glucagon increases?
• In chronic alcohol use disorder, which brain structure is primarily affected in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
• Which artery supplies the upper part of the esophagus?
• What is NOT a catalase-positive organism?
• In osteoarthritis, what is the expected characteristic of proteoglycan levels?
• What is the typical percentage of inheritance for the muscular type of VSD?
• Which structure is primarily affected by an acoustic neuroma?
• Which class of medications is recommended for symptomatic treatment of HOCM?
• Which type of muscle fibers are primarily affected by denervation and subsequent reinnervation?
• What is a characteristic finding in the biopsy of mitochondrial myopathies?
• Which symptom is commonly associated with mitochondrial myopathy?
• Which antibiotic is a preferred treatment for chancroid caused by Haemophilus ducreyi?
• Basal cell carcinoma primarily arises from which type of cells?
• Which condition is associated with IgA nephropathy?
• What is a possible consequence of aortic stenosis?
• Within the context of amino acid metabolism, what key transformation occurs in the intestinal mucosa?
• What factor causes a left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
• What is a potential consequence of hypoglycemia on hormone levels?
• Which condition is characterized by failure to thrive, developmental delay, and megaloblastic anemia?
• Nasal decongestants primarily work through which mechanism?
• What is a common presenting symptom for orotic aciduria in children?
• What is the most common urea cycle disorder?
• What initiates the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
• What genetic inheritance pattern is typically associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
• Injury to which nerve compromises strength of toe flexion and ankle plantar flexion?
• What condition is characterized by necrotizing vasculitis affecting medium-sized arteries?
• What is a common symptom of an acoustic neuroma?
• Which symptoms are characteristic of Churg-Strauss syndrome?
• What complication is characterized by decreased GFR and proteinuria?
• What is the most common cause of Chylothorax?
• Which drug class is associated with the cortical collecting duct?
• What physiological event triggers sarcomere contraction during muscle contraction?
• What condition is indicated by localized petechiae and livedo reticularis with needle clefts on histologic examination?
• Which class of drugs primarily increases insulin secretion?
• What type of sampling method is convenience sampling?
• What is the source of the superior mesenteric artery?
• What is the most common childhood systemic vasculitis?
• How does the body respond to hyperglycemia in a diabetic mother?
• What is the normal range for jugular venous pressure?
• What histological finding is associated with diabetic nephropathy?
• What is the underlying issue in the pathophysiology of central diabetes insipidus?
• During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the secretory endometrium develop under the influence of progesterone?
• Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) acts primarily on which part of the nephron?
• What does an increase in cAMP lead to in the presence of glucagon?
• What structures are supplied by the superior mesenteric artery?
• What is the mechanism of action of praziquantel?
• What is a common finding in the synovial fluid of someone with rheumatoid arthritis?
• What happens during recombination involving the SRY gene?
• Which enzyme is sourced from the pancreas and digests proteins in the small intestine?
• Which clinical symptom is often associated with costochondritis?
• What condition is indicated by primary chronic respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation?
• What is the formula for calculating total blood volume?
• What does randomization help to reduce in clinical trials?
• In which part of the lung is the lingular bronchus located?
• What is the primary treatment for Takayasu arteritis?
• Which demographic is most frequently affected by Polyarteritis nodosa?
• Where does the breakdown of dipeptides and tripeptides into free amino acids primarily occur?
• What anatomical structure is involved in proprioception and is affected by lesions above the medulla?
• During NK cell activation, what proteins do they synthesize to induce apoptosis?
• What is the primary mode of transmission for leishmaniasis?
• What characteristic is associated with high-grade tumors in breast cancer grading?
• Which waves are associated with deep sleep, including sleepwalking and night terrors?
• What condition is described by mild coagulation defects and peripheral neuropathy along with recurrent infections?
• Which anatomical structure can be compressed by duodenal volvulus?
• Lymph from the scrotum drains into which lymph nodes?
• What condition is characterized by increased cryoglobulin concentrations, often presenting with palpable purpura?
• What is the primary mechanism of action of Pioglitazone?
• What symptom is associated with a compression of the ipsilateral oculomotor nerve due to an aneurysm of the posterior communicating artery?
• What is produced by the digestion process within the brush border of the intestinal mucosa?
• What is a characteristic feature of Kawasaki disease?
• What is the pharmacological classification of Bosentan?
• Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with mitochondrial myopathy?
• Acyclovir's mechanism of action primarily involves which of the following?
• What is a key outcome of the metabolic impairment seen in Reye's syndrome?
• What muscle action is primarily affected by the superficial fibular nerve?
• What are Nissl bodies primarily composed of?
• What histological feature is associated with acute hepatic inflammation from viral infection?
• What is the approximate half-life of factor II (prothrombin)?
• What is a characteristic of Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome type 1?
• What is the role of Reichert cartilage in human anatomy?
• What is a common finding on electron microscopy in mitochondrial myopathy?
• Which laboratory finding is typically elevated in Churg-Strauss syndrome?
• What are Councilman bodies indicative of?
• What is a defining characteristic of a Spigelian hernia?
• What is the primary cause of edema in Membranous nephropathy?
• What is primarily responsible for maintaining the endometrial lining during implantation?
• Which fibers are grouped together in muscle denervation and reinnervation?
• Which arteries are responsible for supplying the lower part of the esophagus?
• How does atelectasis affect pulmonary function?
• What is a primary concern when studying muscle denervation and reinnervation?
• What does the internal iliac lymph nodes drain?
• What structures arise from the third branchial pouch?
• Jugular cannon waves can be indicative of which arrhythmia?
• What is a primary cause of reperfusion injury?
• What is the role of chymotrypsin?
• What bacterium is known to produce a polyglutamic polypeptide capsule?
• Which enzyme is responsible for prolonged apnea after administration of succinylcholine?
• What characterizes orotic aciduria?
• Which personality disorder is characterized by a pattern of social detachment and restricted emotional expression?
• How does the deep fibular nerve assist in foot movement?
• What histological feature is characteristic of acute T-lymphocyte-mediated rejection?
• What type of sampling method involves including participants who are easily contactable?
• What is one common systemic association with Membranous nephropathy?
• What is the primary role of MHC class I molecules in the immune system?
• Which complication can arise from bilateral renal agenesis during pregnancy?
• What class of medications do Canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin belong to?
• What type of tumor is associated with Call-Exner bodies?
• In which sleep stage might you experience dreaming and nightmares?
• What is the blood supply source for the middle section of the esophagus?
• How do gram-negative bacteria resist beta-lactam antibiotics?
• Trypsin participates in the breakdown of which type of macromolecule?
• What action does the tibial nerve primarily facilitate?
• What role does the cytoplasmic domain of the LDL receptor play?
• Which condition is NOT typically associated with the classic symptoms of Henoch-Schönlein purpura?
• Which structure is visualized during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy?
• What method is primarily responsible for normal endocytosis of transferrin?
• What disease involves increased osteoclast activity during the lytic phase and subsequent osteoblast activity during the blastic phase?
• What is a common urinalysis finding in acute pyelonephritis?
• Which demographic is most commonly affected by Takayasu arteritis?
• What treatment regimen is recommended for Cryptococcus neoformans infection in AIDS patients?
• Which bacterium is associated with the production of alginate?
• What drives fluid back into capillaries from the interstitial space?
• What genetic process results in the generation of novel immunoglobulins in B lymphocytes?
• What condition is characterized by inflammation of the costochondral and chondrosternal junctions?
• What is a common manifestation of Wegener's granulomatosis in the upper respiratory tract?
• What causes muscle regeneration in skeletal muscle not found in cardiomyocytes?
• What factors can trigger renal papillary necrosis?
• What physiological change primarily leads to a right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
• What are the characteristic symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis?
• What genetic mutation is associated with bare lymphocyte syndrome type I?
• What term describes the ability of a single gene to produce multiple effects?
• What is a common clinical presentation of mitochondrial myopathy?
• Which compound is known to trap ammonia in the colon?
• What is the mechanism of resistance for Acyclovir against certain viral strains?
• Which of the following is NOT typically a symptom of COPD?
• Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the anterior scrotum in males?
• What is a common serological finding in patients with Polyarteritis nodosa?
• What does Primaquine specifically treat?
• Which condition can lead to impaired gas exchange due to lung tissue changes?
• Reye's syndrome is associated with what condition?
• Which drug class is known to decrease intestinal carbohydrate absorption?
• How do you calculate plasma volume?
• What type of capsule does Haemophilus influenzae type B possess?
• Which condition is associated with a C1q mutation presentation?
• What type of drug is Pramlintide?
• Which syndrome is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration, albinism, and recurrent pyogenic infections?
• What is a potential treatment option once the curvature stabilizes in Peyronie's disease?
• What does "pulsus parvus et tardus" refer to?
• Which tract is affected by a lesion in crus cerebri?
• What system is primarily affected in individuals with mitochondrial myopathy?
• Which of the following is NOT a cause of oligohydramnios?
• Trochlear nerve damage typically results in difficulty during which activity?
• What is a characteristic feature of REM sleep disorder?
• Which of the following is a characteristic finding in a biopsy of acute pyelonephritis?
• Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by what type of glomerular change?
• What is a characteristic feature of lung squamous cell carcinoma?
• What does stratification involve in research studies?
• What complication can arise from radiation therapy for malignancies?
• A mutation in mannose-binding lectin is associated with which condition?
• What is the term for the phenomenon where a single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits?
• What is the function of the ilioinguinal nerve?
• In what metabolic state is protein kinase A downregulated?
• What type of drug is Epoprostenol?
• Which genetic syndrome is characterized by hamartomatous polyps and increased cancer risk?
• What characterizes a first order reaction?
• Which condition is often linked with jugular venous pressure (JVP) exceeding normal levels?
• What is a consequence of calcium influx into cytosol in parasites treated with praziquantel?
• What is the main characteristic of the genital ulcer caused by Haemophilus ducreyi?
• What can result from a vasectomy concerning spermatozoa?
• What is the role of osteoclastic activity in bone remodeling?
• Where is Zenker's diverticulum typically located?
• What route can lumbar azygos and hemiazygos veins provide in cases of inferior vena cava obstruction?
• What is a notable effect of chronic hypokalemia in pyloric stenosis?
• What is the main cause of atelectasis in the lungs?
• A bifid carotid pulse is commonly associated with which cardiac condition?
• What serum finding is commonly associated with pyloric stenosis?
• What does high capillary hydrostatic pressure lead to in the context of lymphatic flow?
• What class of medication is Pioglitazone?
• Which drug class is known to work on the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
• Grouping by fiber type is primarily identified during what physiological condition?
• What causes neuronal loss via apoptosis in excitotoxicity?
• Which condition is associated with hypercalcemia due to the action of PTHrP?
• Which nephron segment is most susceptible to decreased blood flow and oxygen delivery?
• Which anatomical structure can be compressed by an acoustic neuroma?
• In methemoglobinemia, what is the expected arterial blood gas finding?
• Which mechanism is involved in vasodilation during allergic reactions?
• When do infants commonly experience separation anxiety according to developmental milestones?
• What type of paralysis is associated with a lesion in the lateral corticospinal tract?
• What is the mechanism of action of sitagliptin?
• Which of the following are common symptoms of heroin withdrawal?
• Which area drains into the external iliac lymph nodes?
• What cardiovascular condition can rheumatic fever lead to?
• A lesion in the brainstem can affect which of the following?
• What pathology is indicated by the presence of sarcoplasmic bodies?
• What is the mechanism of action of cocaine?
• Which form of leishmaniasis manifests as a pink papule at the site of uncovered skin?
• What does acarbose inhibit in the body?
• What characterizes zero order kinetics in drug elimination?
• Which cytokines are increased in the synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis?
• Nateglinide and repaglinide are known as what type of medication?
• Chronic pancreatitis can impair the release of which substance from pancreatic acinar cells?
• What characterizes the pattern of muscle fibers following denervation?
• What is the relationship between immune complex-mediated vasculitis and mixed cryoglobulinemia?
• Natural killer (NK) cells primarily induce what process in target cells?
• What ultrasound finding is most indicative of Down syndrome?
• What does the term 'grouping by fiber type' refer to in muscle physiology?
• In type IV familial dyslipidemia, what is the main issue?
• Which condition is indicated by the presence of bright red capsules on Cryptococcus neoformans?
• What characterizes the external iliac lymph node drainage?
• What condition is primarily associated with Haemophilus ducreyi?
• What is a typical symptom of hyperammonemia?
• What is a characteristic of superficial peroneal nerve injury?
• What metabolites increase skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise?
• Decreased duodenal pH may lead to what consequence in chronic pancreatitis?
• Which kinetics are demonstrated at high substrate concentration in a reaction?
• What is a potential sequela of radiotherapy for malignant conditions?
• Which condition is characterized by lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes?
• What does the fourth branchial pouch develop into?
• Which group of muscles includes the lonus minimus and brevis originating from the pubic bone?
• Which of the following is NOT a result of a loss of function in the calcium sensing receptor?
• Referral sampling relies on what method for selecting participants?
• Which laboratory test is notable for aiding the diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis?
• What syndrome is associated with Kawasaki disease?
• What condition is associated with neuronal injury from large amounts of glutamate?
• What is the result of a lesion in crus cerebri within the midbrain?
• Which staining techniques are used to identify Cryptococcus neoformans?
• What type of cancer is most commonly associated with BRCA1 mutation carriers?
• Which area does the dorsal column tract primarily convey sensory information from?
• What type of treatment is often associated with the exacerbation of Reye's syndrome?
• What structures derived from the first pharyngeal arch include?
• What is the primary mechanism by which glucocorticoids exert their anti-inflammatory effect?
• What might be a presenting symptom of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
• What is the definition of excitotoxicity?
• What is a key feature of the first pharyngeal arch development?
• Which nerves are involved with autonomic functions of the pelvic organs?
• Why do pancreatic islet cells undergo hyperplasia in a diabetic mother?
• What condition is characterized by the abnormal curvature of the penis due to fibrous plaque formation?
• Which of the following is a characteristic finding in membranous nephropathy?
• What is a common clinical feature of serous adenocarcinoma in its late presentation?
• What bronchial structure is associated with the left upper lobe of the lung?
• What is the primary focus of a homunculus in brain anatomy?
• Dysgerminoma is particularly associated with which genetic condition?
• Which cells are activated by interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the context of bone metabolism?
• What type of diuretics work on the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
• What must be removed during a hysterectomy related to the support of the uterus?
• What is one possible outcome of a mutation in the origin of DNA synthesis region?
• What is a common symptom of Takayasu arteritis that might be observed on examination?
• What is a primary treatment approach for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)?
• What type of reaction is primarily inhibited by alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?
• Glipizide and glyburide belong to which category of medications?
• What condition is characterized by an inability to flex the hip?
• Which sleep stage is characterized by sleep spindles and K-complexes?
• What physiological response do symptoms of seasonal allergies primarily result from?
• What is the primary mechanism behind Familial Hypercholesterolemia (Type II)?
• What is a common symptom of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
• What organism is commonly associated with chronic granulomatous disease?
• What anatomical structures are supported by the uterosacral ligaments?
• Which symptom is most commonly associated with opiate withdrawal?
• What condition results from local or generalized fibrotic changes preventing full lung expansion?
• Which enzyme is primarily responsible for digestion in the lumen of the stomach?
• What serious complication can arise from untreated Kawasaki disease?
• Which of the following brain regions corresponds to motor function?
• Which factors can subjects be stratified by in a study?
• What outcome can result from varying levels of MHC expression in patients with Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome?
• Why can a patient with aortic stenosis experience symptoms like angina or dyspnea on exertion?
• What type of enzymes are trypsin and chymotrypsin?
• A lesion to the dorsal column results in which type of proprioception deficits?
• Which of the following is true regarding the clinical uses of Acyclovir?
• Aortic stenosis is characterized by which of the following?
• What is the primary benefit of DPP-4 inhibitors like sitagliptin?
• When blocking MHC Class I, which of the following will be absent?
• What is the consequence of a lesion superior to the medulla in terms of proprioception?
• In Type II hypersensitivity reactions, which of the following typically occurs?
• In stratified sampling, how is the population divided?
• What is a potential autoimmune reaction following a vasectomy?
• Glucuronoxylomannan is a capsule component associated with which pathogen?
• What is observed in the synovial fluid of the knee joint in rheumatoid arthritis?
• What typically happens to muscle composition after reinnervation?
• In a case of superior cerebellar peduncle lesion, what kind of deficits would most likely arise?
• What type of inflammation and histological finding is associated with Polyarteritis nodosa?
• What role does cytochrome C play in apoptosis?
• What is a key feature of a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
• Which nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the leg?
• What laboratory markers are associated with Dysgerminoma?
• In renal papillary necrosis, how does ADH function?
• What type of drug binds to a receptor and causes a response less than that elicited by a full agonist?
• What type of leukemia is associated with TRAP staining and lymphocytes displaying long, thin cytoplasmic projections?
• What occurs due to maldevelopment of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal-branchial pouches in DiGeorge syndrome?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between gene activity and trait expression in pleiotropy?
• What is the typical course of Yellow Fever infection?
• What is the genetic inheritance pattern of I-cell disease?
• Which of the following are findings in Reye's syndrome?
• What structure does the pudendal nerve primarily supply?
• What is a complication from improper central venous cannulation?
• What is a potential co-infection concern for a patient suspected of having HIV?
• What type of study follows a group over time to observe outcomes?
• What is the effect of 1,25 vitamin D in individuals with a mutation in the vitamin D receptor?
• In terms of lung anatomy, what aspect does the lingular bronchus play?
• Which of the following is a likely cause of chronic pancreatitis?
• How can intravenous saline infusion affect hydrostatic capillary pressure?
• What condition is associated with a duplex collecting system?
• Which disease is characterized by recurrent infections and granulomas caused by catalase-positive organisms?
• Membranous nephropathy is often associated with which demographic?
• Which diuretics act primarily on the distal convoluted tubule?
• What immunological response may occur after a vasectomy?
• What type of diarrhea is caused by Cryptosporidium?
• Which metabolic product is accumulated in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?
• What study design is characterized by looking back at events or exposures after outcomes have occurred?
• What is the primary function of the Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing (TAP)?
• What is the primary action of the deep fibular nerve?
• What genetic defect is associated with Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
• What histological feature is typical for serous adenocarcinoma?